你前面的空格(发货人、提单号码、收货人)以及下面的(发货人、收货人名称、收货人地址),这些?的填发和理解都是对的;
QTY:Quantity,件数的简写,你按照提单上的件数填写;
DESC:Description,描述的简写,你按照提单上的产品描述填写;
这样填好后,盖上你们公司的公章,正本寄给船公司或货代就可以了。
我就在外企,我招聘人时不在乎什么证书,只要专业操作经验和人品好,英文能力也很重要。面试时,英文听说能力和人品表现会有较大影响。如果面试时感觉不好,你有什么乱七八糟的证书也没用,这可是真的呦。
我今天面试了来我这里应聘的有国贸专业背景的项目管理助理,就是以上述标准。 (所谓经验,我们让应聘者在3个小时内笔答下列考题:
合同条件:
1、本合同涉及四方,分别处于三个国家,即ABB (HONG KONG) LIMITED (HK), KATE INTERNATINAL HOLDINGS LIMITED (HK) , ABB SWITZERLAND, ABB FINLAND公司。
2、合同关系如下:
1)ABB (HONG KONG) LIMITED与 KATE INTERNATIONAL 签订了外币合同,运输条款是CIF TIANJIN, CHINA BY SEA FROM EUROPEAN MAIN PORT.
2)ABB (HONG KONG) LIMITED 分别与ABB SWITZERLAND, ABB FINLAND两家公司签订了采购合同,货物在两个国家备妥后将采用集货方式海运至天津。
3)信用证中规定的交货期是10月15日之前
要求:
1、请根据信用证条款填写发票。
2、请根据信用证条款填写箱单。(注意:货物是集货运输,如果没有相关数据请写清楚做此箱单的思路)
3、请根据信用证条款填写汇票。
4、请根据信用证条款填写装运通知。
问题:
1、本合同信用证属于什么性质的信用证?这类信用证是否存在风险?对买卖双方的利弊?
2、请写清楚对集货运输的合同如何操作?需要注意什么?
3、请写出转运与转船的区别?如何避免不符点交单?
4、一般信用证中会规定三个比较重要的日期,分别是什么?需要注意什么?
5、什么是汇票?
6、什么是提单?提单和运单的区别?
7、通常对机电产品进、出口报关分别需要哪些文件?
8、海关编号和H.S. Code是一个概念吗?
9、背对背信用证与本合同的信用证有什么区别?对买卖双方的利弊是什么?
10、什么是出口退税?什么是免税?请解释一下两者的区别及一般应用情况?
11、熏蒸证属于什么类型的文件?目前国家对此文件有什么规定?
12、外贸合同中主要的条款包括什么?哪些条款是最重要的?如何控制风险?
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经济学术语解释
1、什么是CPI、通货膨胀、PPI和GNP缩减指数?
消费者物价指数(Consumer Price Index),英文缩写为CPI,是反映与居民生活有关的产品及劳务价格统计出来的物价变动指标,通常作为观察通货膨胀水平的重要指标。如果消费者物价指数升幅过大,表明通胀已经成为经济不稳定因素,央行会有紧缩货币政策和财政政策的风险,从而造成经济前景不明朗。因此,该指数过高的升幅往往不被市场欢迎。
例如,在过去12个月,消费者物价指数上升2。3%,那表示,生活成本比12个月前平均上升2。3%。当生活成本提高,你的金钱价值便随之下降。也就是说,一年前收到的一张100元纸币,今日只可以买到价值97。70元的货品及服务。一般说来当CPI3%的增幅时我们称为Inflation,就是通货膨胀;而当CPI5%的增幅时,我们把他称为Serious Inflation,就是严重的通货膨胀。
主要价格指数有三个:消费者价格指数CPI(Consumer’s Price Index),生产者价格指数PPI(Producer’s Price Index),GNP缩减指数(GNP Deflator)。
三种价格指数的计算方法基本一样,即各种商品的价格变化程度的加权平均。不过,每一种价格指数计算中选择的商品篮子不一样。计算消费者价格指数时,商品篮子中包含的典型市民的消费篮子。所以,消费者价格指数也被称为生活成本指数。生产者价格指数计算时,选取的商品篮子中包含的是生产资源。GNP缩减指数则是一个更具综合性的指数,其计算中选取的商品篮子既包含消费品,也包含生产资源。
可以这样说,CPI是一个同步经济指标,PPI是一个先行经济指标。一般来说生产者价格指数领先于经济3个月到半年,消费者滞后于经济3个月到半年。CPI可以显示目前经济状况,而PPI可以显示未来经济状况。PPI计算的是厂商出售的价格,而CPI计算的是消费者购买的价格。
2、什么是恩格尔系数?
1857年,德国统计学家恩格尔在研究了当时西欧某些居民家庭的收入和食物消费支出的关系后,提出了这样一个观点:一个家庭收入越少,总支出中用来购买食物的费用所占的比例越大。这一观点被称为“恩格尔定律”,即恩格尔系数。用公式表示为:
恩格尔系数(%)=(食物支出额÷消费支出总额)×100%
恩格尔定律主要表述的是食品支出占总消费支出随收入变化而变化的一定趋势。揭示了居民收入和食品支出之间的定量关系和相关关系,用食品支出占消费总支出的比例来说明生产发展、收入增加对生活消费的影响程度。众所周知,吃是人类生存的第一需要, 在收入水平较低时,其在消费支出中必然占有重要地位。随着收入的增加,在食物需求基本满足的情况下,消费的重心才会开始向穿、用等方面转移。因此,一个国家或家庭生活越贫困,恩格尔系数就越大;反之,生活越富裕,恩格尔系数就越小。
恩格尔定律和恩格尔系数一经提出,就得到西方经济学界的广泛接受和确认,认为它具有普遍的适用性。恩格尔定律和恩格尔系数是较早引入我国的西方经济学和统计学的概念。
国际上常常用恩格尔系数来衡量一个国家和地区人民生活水平的状况。根据联合国粮农组织提出的标准,恩格尔系数在59%以上为贫困,50-59%为温饱,40-50%为小康,低于40%为富裕,30%以下为最富裕。在西方,个人消费包括了住房、医疗、卫生、交通等全部支出。而在我国,特别是城市实行公费医疗、低房租和食品、燃料、水等多种补贴,这些政策性因素对消费结构产生了一定的影响。因此,在比较分析尤其是进行国际对比和城乡对比时,要剔除不可比因素。我国运用这一标准进行国际和城乡对比时,要考虑到那些不可比因素,如消费品价格比价不同、居民生活习惯的差异,要注意政策性影响的计算和分析及由社会经济制度不同所产生的特殊因素。对于这些不可比问题,在分析和比较时应做相应的剔除。另外,在观察历史情况的变化时要注意,恩格尔系数反映的是一种长期的趋势, 而不是逐年下降的绝对倾向。它是在熨平短期的波动中求得长期的趋势。
3、什么是GDP?什么是GNP?二者有什么区别?
GDP即英文“Gross Domestic Product”的缩写,也就是国内生产总值。它是对一国(地区)经济在核算期内所有常住单位生产的最终产品总量的度量,常常被看成显示一个国家(地区)经济状况的一个重要指标。生产过程中的新增加值,包括劳动者新创造的价值和固定资产的磨损价值,但不包含生产过程中作为中间投入的价值;在实物构成上,是当期生产的最终产品,包含用于消费、积累及净出口的产品,但不包含各种被其他部门消耗的中间产品。 GDP的测算有三种方法:生产法:GDP=∑各产业部门的总产出-∑各产业部门的中间消耗:收入法:GDP=∑各产业部门劳动者报酬+∑各产业部门固定资产折旧+∑各产业部门生产税净额+∑各产业部门营业利润;支出法:GDP=总消费+总投资+净出口。
GNP is the market value of all final goods and services produced by domestically owned factors of production within a given time period。
国内生产总值(GDP)与国民生产总值(GNP)是两个既有联系又有区别的指标。它们都是核算社会生产成果和反映宏观经济的总量指标。但因其计算口径不同,二者又有所区别。国内生产总值是指一个国家或地区范围内反映所有常住单位生产活动成果的指标。所谓常住单位,是指在一国经济领土内具有经济利益中心的经济单位。所谓生产活动包括三次产业在内的所有行业和部门。在价值形态上它等于国民经济各部门生产的增加值之和。国民生产总值是指一个国家或地区范围内的所有常住单位,在一定时期内实际收到的原始收入(指劳动者报酬、生产税净额、固定资产折旧和营业盈余等)总和价值。本国常住者通过在国外投资或到国外工作所获得的收入(称之为从国外得到的要素收入),应计入本国国民生产总值。而非本国国民在本国领土范围内的投资或工作所获得的收入(称之为支付给国外的要素收入),则不应计入本国的国民生产总值中去。因此,国民生产总值可以用国内生产总值加上本国常住单位从国外得到的净要素收入(从国外得到的要素收入-支付给国外的要素收入)。更直观地讲,国民生产总值等于国内生产总值加上从国外获得的劳动报酬、投资收益(包括红利、股息和利息等)的净额。即:国民生产总值=国内生产总值+国外净要素收入。国民生产总值是“收入”的概念。国内生产总值与国民生产总值之间的主要区别,前者强调的是创造的增加值,它是“生产”的概念,后者则强调的是获得的原始收入。一般讲,各国的国民生产总值与国内生产总值二者相差数额不大,但如果某国在国外有大量投资和大批劳工的话,则该国的国民生产总值往往会大于国内生产总值。
The Gross National Product is one of the great inventions of the twentieth century, probably almost as significant as the automobile and not quite so significant as TV。 The effect of physical inventions is obvious, but social inventions like the GNP change the world almost as much。
——By Professor Kenneth Boulding
4、什么是NNP?什么是NI、PI、DPI?
NNP(Net National Product) is the total market value of final goods and services produced in the economy in a given period of time, excluding the depreciation of capital。
简单地说,NNP=GNP-折旧。
NI(National Income) is the income earned by the factors of production。
简单地说,国民收入NI=NNP-间接税和企业转移支出 政府对企业补贴。
PI(Personal Income) is the income received by households。
简单地说,个人收入PI=NI-挣到但没有收到的收入 收到的但不是挣到的收入(政府对私人的转移支出)。
DPI(Disposable Personal Income) is income remaining after paying personal income taxes。
简单地说,DPI=PI-所得税=个人消费C 个人储蓄S。
5、还有什么常见的经济术语?
CRB是期货价格指数,反映期货价格的高低。
ECI是就业成本指数。它是在受薪就业时对在美国所有州及255个地区超过500个行业所提供的工作数量的量度,就业估计是基于大企业的市场调整。而且把在国内企业及政府里全职或兼职的受薪员工数目计算起来。它反映的是就业的难易及其条件的好坏。
工业生产率:它是对某国工厂,矿业,公共事业的生产量变化的连续加权式的测量,等同测量他们工业生产能力及在工矿,公用事业中有哪些可用资源可以被利用(通常指使用效能)。制造业这一块可以影响1/4的经济,使用效能提供一个多大生产能力在被利用的评估。
采购经理指数:采购经理的国家协会(NAPM),现在称做为供应管理之协会,公布每月综合指数,包括国内制造业情况,房屋建筑新订单。生产,供应者送货次数,订货,库存,价格就业,出口订单,及入口订单,它是将制造也除以非制造业以下指数。
耐用品:耐用品的订单时量度国内厂家对立即或将来要送货的货品所接的订单数。一件耐用品定义为该商品会持续使用一段时间(超过3年),而在期间对它的服务也持续。
零售销售:它是一个适时的指标,关于消费者的主要消费模式以及会因正常季节变动,节假日,交易日不同而调整。零售包括耐用和非耐用品商品销售,及服务及难免发生的加在商品的费用税收,但不包括负担在消费者身上的销售税。
新建房屋报告:新建房屋报告量度每月与居住有关为单位的新建房屋的数目。一个建筑的开始是指开挖地基的开始。同时主要由居住房屋建造组成,住宅房是对利率变动而作出反应的第一要素。对开始/接受利率变化的反应,若以图形来表示利率的话,可能是接近谷底的谷峰。要分析,关注前个月的价格变动百分比,报告会在大约下月中公布。
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